文法句型
每個句型都附台灣學習者的易錯點——文法規則到處查得到， 但「中文母語者為什麼會在這裡錯」才是真正需要的。
20 個句型
現在完成式與過去式的差別：have been 與 went
現在完成式：主詞＋have／has been（to）＋地點／活動；過去式：主詞＋went＋to＋地點＋過去時間。 例句：I have been to the National Palace Museum twice.（我去過故宮博物院兩次。） 例句：I went to the National Palace Museum last Saturday.（我上星期六去了故宮博物院。） 例句：My sister has been busy preparing for the midterm exam.（我姊姊一直忙著準備期中考。） 例句：My sister went to the library after school yesterday.（我姊姊昨天放學後去了圖書館。）
現在完成式的 have／has been 常用來表示從過去到現在的經驗、狀態，或仍和現在有關的事情。說「have been to＋地點」時，表示曾去過某地，重點是經驗，不說明確切的過去時間。過去式 went 則表示已在過去某個時間完成的移動或事件，常和 yesterday、last week、ago 等時間詞一起用。若句中有明確且已結束的時間，如「上星期六」，要用 went，不用 have been。
中文的「我去過」有時可指經驗，有時只是說以前某次去了；英文要看是否提到明確過去時間。不要說 I have been to Taipei yesterday，因為 yesterday 是已結束的時間，應改成 I went to Taipei yesterday。要表達「去過某地」時，常用 have been to，不要直接把 went 當成「去過」使用。另請注意 have been 是「曾去過／一直處於某狀態」，若要說「已經去了而且人還在那裡」，應用 have gone to，例如 My dad has gone to the night market。
We have been to that night market many times.
我們去過那個夜市很多次。
We went to that night market after the basketball game last Friday.
我們上週五籃球賽後去了那個夜市。
He has been sick since Monday, so he has not come to school.
他從星期一起就生病了，所以一直沒有來學校。
A man went to the doctor on Monday afternoon.
一名男子在星期一下午去看醫生。
現在完成進行式（have／has been＋V-ing）
主詞＋have／has been＋現在分詞（V-ing） 例句：I have been studying for the midterm since dinner. 例句：My sister has been waiting for the MRT for twenty minutes. 例句：We have been practicing basketball after school these days.
現在完成進行式用來表示某個動作從過去開始，一直持續到現在，而且可能還會繼續。常搭配 since＋開始時間，例如 since Monday；或 for＋持續時間，例如 for two hours。它也可以描述最近持續進行、現在看得出結果的活動，例如 Your hands are dirty because you have been gardening。主詞是 I、you、we、they 時用 have been；主詞是 he、she、it 或單數名詞時用 has been。
中文常直接說「我讀書兩小時」，但英文不能說 I am studying for two hours；若從過去持續到現在，要說 I have been studying for two hours。不要漏掉 been，例如 She has waiting for the bus 是錯的，應為 She has been waiting for the bus。since 後面要接開始的時間點或子句，如 since 7 o’clock、since I got home；for 後面接一段時間，如 for an hour。注意有些狀態動詞通常不用進行式，例如 know、like、believe；「我認識他三年了」較常說 I have known him for three years，不說 I have been knowing him for three years。
I have been reviewing English words for an hour.
我一直在複習英文單字，已經一小時了。
He has been helping his mother at the night market since six o’clock in the evening.
他從傍晚六點開始一直在夜市幫媽媽的忙。
It has been raining since this morning, so we cannot ride our bikes to school.
從今天早上開始一直下雨，所以我們不能騎腳踏車去學校。
Have you been getting ready for the test in the middle of the term?
你一直在為學期中間的考試做準備嗎？
My parents have been watching that TV show every night this week.
我爸媽這星期每天晚上都一直在看那個電視節目。
過去進行式與過去式並用：was／were V-ing when…
S + was／were + V-ing + when + S + 過去式（V-ed／不規則動詞過去式） 例句：I was waiting for the MRT when it started to rain.
這個句型用來描述「某個動作正在過去某個時間點進行時，另一件事突然發生」。was／were + V-ing 表示持續中的背景動作；when 後面的過去式表示較短、較突然發生的事件。當主詞是 I、he、she 或單數名詞時用 was；當主詞是 you、we、they 或複數名詞時用 were。若要強調突然發生的事，也可以把 when 子句放在前面，例如：When the bell rang, we were taking a test。
中文常直接說「我等捷運的時候，開始下雨」，但英文要把「正在等」寫成 was waiting，不能只用 I waited。不要把 when 後面的突然事件也寫成過去進行式，例如 I was waiting for the MRT when it was starting to rain；通常應說 when it started to rain。也要注意 be 動詞要配合主詞，不能說 They was studying；應說 They were studying。when 子句若放在句首，子句後面要加逗號：When my phone rang, I was having dinner。
I was doing my homework when my cousin called me.
我正在寫作業時，表弟打電話給我。
We were walking through the night market when we saw our English teacher.
我們正在逛夜市時，看見了英文老師。
My dad was cooking dinner when the lights went out.
我爸爸正在煮晚餐時，燈突然熄了。
When the school bell rang, Tina was talking with her classmates.
鐘聲響起時，蒂娜正在和同學聊天。
The students were taking a test when the fire alarm went off.
學生正在考試時，火災警報響了。
過去完成式：had＋過去分詞
主詞＋had＋過去分詞（＋其他） 例句： 1. The movie had already started when we arrived at the theater.（我們到電影院時，電影已經開始了。） 2. Kevin had finished his homework before he played video games.（Kevin 在玩電動前已經寫完功課了。） 3. By the time the MRT came, many people had waited for more than twenty minutes.（捷運到時，許多人已經等了二十多分鐘。） 4. I had never tried stinky tofu before I visited the night market with my classmates.（我和同學逛夜市前，從未吃過臭豆腐。） 5. She was nervous because she had not studied for the math test.（她很緊張，因為她之前沒有為數學考試讀書。）
過去完成式用來表示「在過去某個時間或事件之前，已經完成」的動作。當一句話裡有兩個都發生在過去的動作時，較早發生的動作用 had＋過去分詞，較晚發生的動作通常用過去簡單式。常和 before、after、by the time、when 等連接詞一起使用，幫助說明事件的先後順序。如果時間順序已經很清楚，也不一定每次都必須使用過去完成式。
中文常直接說「我昨天以前完成作業」，但英文若要強調「另一個過去事件前已完成」，要說 I had finished my homework before dinner，而不是 I finished my homework before dinner 的直譯替代；後者雖可用，但較不強調先後。不要把 had 後面接原形動詞，例如 She had eat dinner 是錯的，應為 She had eaten dinner。had 不會隨主詞改變，I／You／He／She／We／They 都用 had，不能寫 He has finished before he went home。否定句要在 had 後加 not，例如 They had not arrived when class started，不要說 They did not had arrived。
The movie had already started when we arrived at the theater.
我們到電影院時，電影已經開始了。
He finished his homework before he played video games.
他在玩電玩遊戲前完成了作業。
By the time the MRT came, many people had waited for more than twenty minutes.
捷運到時，許多人已經等了二十多分鐘。
I had never tried tofu with a strong smell before I went to the night market with my classmates.
在我和同學去逛夜市前，我從來沒有吃過味道很重的豆腐。
She was nervous because she had not studied for the math test.
她很緊張，因為她之前沒有為數學考試讀書。
被動語態：be＋過去分詞
主詞＋be 動詞（依時態與主詞變化）＋過去分詞（＋by＋動作執行者） 例句： 1. The classroom is cleaned every day.（教室每天都會被打掃。） 2. My bike was stolen near the MRT station yesterday.（我的腳踏車昨天在捷運站附近被偷了。） 3. The test results will be announced tomorrow.（段考成績明天會被公布。） 4. These snacks are made by my grandmother.（這些點心是我奶奶做的。） 5. Our school festival was canceled because of the rain.（我們的校慶園遊會因為下雨而被取消了。）
當我們想強調「某人或某物承受動作」，而不是強調「誰做這個動作」時，可以使用被動語態。被動句的主詞原本通常是主動句的受詞，例如：People clean the classroom. 可以改成 The classroom is cleaned. be 動詞要依照時間改變：現在式用 am／is／are，過去式用 was／were，未來式用 will be。若不知道動作是誰做的，或執行者不重要，可以不寫 by＋人。
中文常直接說「教室每天打掃」，但英文若要表達「教室被打掃」，不能只寫 The classroom cleans；這會變成「教室自己打掃」。被動語態一定要有 be 動詞和過去分詞，例如 is cleaned，而不是 is clean 或 cleaned。許多學生會忘記依時態改 be 動詞：yesterday 要用 was／were，tomorrow 要用 will be，不能都用 is。只有及物動詞，也就是後面可以接受詞的動詞，通常才能改成被動語態；例如 arrive 沒有受詞，不能說 The station was arrived。by 後面要接動作的執行者，如 by my teacher；若是工具或方法，通常用 with，例如 The door was opened with a key。
The classroom is cleaned every day.
教室每天都會被打掃。
My bike was stolen near the MRT station yesterday.
我的腳踏車昨天在捷運站附近被偷了。
The test results will be made public tomorrow.
考試結果將於明天公布。
These snacks are made by my grandmother.
這些點心是我奶奶做的。
Our school festival was canceled because of the rain.
我們的校慶園遊會因為下雨而被取消了。
關係子句：who／which／that
名詞＋who／which／that＋動詞／子句 例句： 1. The man who lives here is my uncle.（住在這裡的那位男士是我叔叔。） 2. This is the book that I borrowed from the school library.（這是我從學校圖書館借的書。） 3. The MRT station which is near my school is very busy in the morning.（我學校附近的捷運站早上很忙。） 4. The student who got the highest score on the midterm exam is in my class.（段考得最高分的學生在我班上。） 5. I like the night market that sells delicious fried chicken.（我喜歡那個賣好吃炸雞的夜市。）
關係子句用來補充說明前面的名詞，讓聽的人知道你指的是哪一個人、物品或地方。先說名詞，再用 who、which 或 that 接上更詳細的資訊，例如 the man who lives here。who 通常用來指人；which 通常指物品、動物或地方；that 可指人或事物，在日常對話中很常見。關係子句放在它所修飾的名詞後面，像是把兩個短句合成一個較完整的句子。
中文常把修飾語放在名詞前面，例如「住在這裡的男人」；英文要說 the man who lives here，不能說 who lives here man。不要把 who 用來指物品，例如 the book who I bought 是錯的，應改為 the book which／that I bought。關係子句中的動詞要配合前面的名詞：the student who studies hard，而不是 the student who study hard。若 who／which／that 在子句中當受詞，後面不可再加重複的受詞代名詞；要說 the book that I borrowed，不要說 the book that I borrowed it。
The man who lives here is my uncle.
住在這裡的那位男士是我叔叔。
This is the book that I borrowed from the school library.
這是我從學校圖書館借的書。
The MRT station which is near my school is very busy in the morning.
我學校附近的捷運站早上很忙。
The student who got the highest score on the test in the middle of the term is in my class.
在學期中間的考試中拿到最高分的那位學生，和我同班。
I like the night market that sells delicious fried chicken.
我喜歡那個賣好吃炸雞的夜市。
第一類條件句：If + 現在式，will
If + 主詞 + 現在簡單式，主詞 + will + 原形動詞。\n例句：If it rains tomorrow，we will take the MRT to school.（如果明天下雨，我們會搭捷運去學校。）\nIf you study for the midterm tonight，you will feel more confident tomorrow.（如果你今晚準備段考，明天會更有信心。）\nMy mom will cook dinner if my dad comes home early.（如果我爸爸早點回家，我媽媽會煮晚餐。）
第一類條件句用來談未來可能發生的情況，以及那個情況可能帶來的結果。if 子句說的是條件，雖然意思和未來有關，動詞仍使用現在簡單式。主要子句則常用 will + 原形動詞，表示在條件成立時將會發生的事。if 子句可以放在句首或句尾；放在句首時，兩個子句之間要加逗號。
中文常把「如果明天會下雨」直接譯成 If it will rain tomorrow，但第一類條件句的 if 子句通常不用 will，應說 If it rains tomorrow。也不要在主要子句只用現在式，例如 If you study hard，you pass the test；要表示未來結果時，應說 you will pass the test。注意 if 子句放在句尾時通常不加逗號：We will stay home if it rains。最後，will 後面要接原形動詞，不能說 will goes 或 will studying。
If I finish my homework early，I will watch a movie with my sister.
如果我早點寫完作業，我會和妹妹看一部影片。
If we miss the last MRT，we will take a taxi home.
如果我們錯過最後一班捷運，我們會搭計程車回家。
If the night market is too crowded，we will buy snacks near the station.
如果夜市人太多，我們會在車站附近買點心。
第二類條件句：假設與現在事實不同的情況
If + 主詞 + 過去式，主詞 + would + 原形動詞。 例句：If I had more time, I would join the school basketball team.（如果我有更多時間，我會加入校籃球隊。） 例句：If it rained tonight, we would take the MRT instead of riding our bikes to the night market.（如果今晚下雨，我們會搭捷運，不騎腳踏車去夜市。） 例句：If my brother studied harder, he would do better on the midterm exam.（如果我弟弟更認真讀書，他的段考會考得更好。） 例句：If I were you, I would talk to the teacher after class.（如果我是你，我會在下課後跟老師談談。）
第二類條件句用來談現在或未來不太可能發生、與事實相反，或只是想像的情況。If 子句用過去式，但不是真的在說過去時間；主要子句用 would 加原形動詞，表示假設下的結果。它常用來給建議，例如 If I were you, I would...。be 動詞在較正式的用法中，常用 were，例如 If I were you 或 If she were here。
中文母語者常把「如果」後面直接接 would，例如誤寫 If I would have more time, ...；正確是 If I had more time, I would...。不要因為 if 子句用了過去式，就把它當成過去事件；If he studied harder, he would pass 是在談現在的讀書習慣與可能結果。主句的 would 後面要接原形動詞，不能寫 would studies 或 would to study。若要說「如果我是你」，應說 If I were you，不要直譯成 If I am you。
If I had enough money, I would buy a new computer for school.
如果我有足夠的錢，我會買一台新的電腦上學用。
If we lived closer to the MRT station, we would not need to wake up so early.
如果我們住得離捷運站更近，就不需要那麼早起床。
If my parents allowed it, I would go camping with my classmates this weekend.
如果我爸媽同意，我這週末會和同學去露營。
間接引述：轉述別人說的話
間接引述：主詞＋said／told＋（受詞）＋that＋子句 直接引述：He said, "I am tired." 間接引述：He said （that） he was tired. 例句： 1. Amy said that she needed more time to finish her report. 2. Our teacher told us that the math test would be next Monday. 3. Kevin said that he had lost his EasyCard on the MRT. 4. My mom told me that dinner was ready. 5. Lisa said that she could not go to the night market that night.
間接引述用來轉述別人說過的話，不需要逐字重複原句，也通常不加引號。當主要動詞是過去式，例如 said 或 told，後面的子句常要「時態後退」：am／is 變 was、will 變 would、have／has done 變 had done。說話的時間、地點或人稱也要依轉述當下調整，例如 today 可變成 that day，I 要依原說話者改成 he、she 或 they。that 在日常英文中常可省略，但在較正式的寫作或較長的句子中保留會更清楚。
中文常直接照搬原句的人稱，寫成 He said that I was tired；但若是他自己說累，應改成 He said that he was tired。不要把 said 和 told 混用：say 後面不能直接接受詞，所以不可說 He said me that...；要說 He told me that... 或 He said that.... 中文沒有明顯的時態變化，學習者容易寫 My teacher said that the test is next Monday；若老師是在過去說、考試當時尚未舉行，通常寫 would be next Monday。若轉述的內容現在仍然為真，例如科學事實，也可以不後退時態：The teacher said that water boils at 100°C.
The woman said that she needed more time to finish her report.
那位女士說她需要更多時間完成她的報告。
Our teacher told us that the math test would be next Monday.
老師告訴我們，數學段考會在下週一。
He said that he had lost his EasyCard on the MRT.
他說他在捷運上弄丟了悠遊卡。
My mom told me that dinner was ready.
我媽媽告訴我晚餐準備好了。
She said that she could not go to the night market that night.
她說她那天晚上不能去夜市。
動名詞與不定詞的選用：enjoy V-ing／decide to V
enjoy＋V-ing／decide＋to＋原形動詞 例句： 1. I enjoy reading comics on the MRT. 2. My sister enjoys helping my mom cook dinner. 3. We decided to study together for the midterm exam. 4. Kevin decided to take the bus to school because it was raining. 5. They enjoyed eating snacks at the night market. 6. I decided to join the school basketball team.
有些動詞後面要接動名詞（V-ing），例如 enjoy。當你要說「享受、喜歡做某件事」時，用 enjoy＋V-ing，不能接 to＋原形動詞。另一些動詞後面要接不定詞（to＋原形動詞），例如 decide。當你要表達「決定去做某事」時，用 decide＋to＋原形動詞。不定詞中的 to 後面必須接原形動詞。
中文的「喜歡做」常讓學生直接把 enjoy 後面接原形動詞或 to V，例如 ×I enjoy to read comics.，應改為 I enjoy reading comics.。中文說「決定讀書」時，有些學生會寫成 ×I decided studying.；decide 後面應接 to V，所以要說 I decided to study.。也要注意 decided 是過去式，若決定已經發生，就不能寫 ×Yesterday, I decide to go home early.，應寫 Yesterday, I decided to go home early.。
I enjoy reading comics on the MRT.
我喜歡在捷運上看漫畫。
My sister enjoys helping my mom cook dinner.
我姊姊喜歡幫媽媽煮晚餐。
We decided to study together for the exam in the middle of the school year.
我們決定一起準備學年中間的考試。
The student decided to take the bus to school because it was raining.
那位學生因為正在下雨，所以決定搭公車去學校。
used to 與 be used to：過去習慣與習慣於
① 主詞＋used to＋原形動詞：表示過去常常做、但現在已不再做的事。 例句：I used to ride my bike to school. ② 主詞＋be＋used to＋名詞／動名詞：表示習慣於某人、事物或做某事；be 可依時態改成 am／is／are／was／were。 例句：I am used to riding my bike to school. ③ 主詞＋get／got＋used to＋名詞／動名詞：表示逐漸習慣於。 例句：She got used to taking the MRT to school.
used to＋原形動詞用來談過去的習慣或狀態，通常暗示現在已經改變了。be used to＋名詞或動名詞則表示「習慣於」，可以用在現在、過去或未來，重點是某件事對你來說不陌生。若要說「正在逐漸習慣」，可用 get used to＋名詞或動名詞。注意兩種句型後面接的形式不同：used to 後面接原形動詞，be used to 後面接名詞或動名詞。
中文的「以前習慣」常讓學生誤寫成 I was used to play basketball. 若要表示以前常打球，應說 I used to play basketball；was used to playing basketball 則是「那時已習慣打球」。be used to 中的 to 是介系詞，所以後面不能接原形動詞，例如 She is used to take the MRT 應改為 She is used to taking the MRT。否定 used to 時，常用 didn’t use to，不可寫成 didn’t used to，因為 did 後面要接原形動詞。也別把 be used to 和 be used for 混淆：be used to 是「習慣於」，be used for 是「被用來做某用途」。
My dad used to buy breakfast at the night market every Sunday.
我爸爸以前每個星期天都會在夜市買早餐。
We used to have more homework in middle school.
我們以前在國中有更多作業。
I am used to studying in the library after school.
我習慣放學後在圖書館讀書。
She is used to the busy MRT station in the morning.
她已經習慣早上繁忙的捷運站。
At first, Kevin was nervous about speaking English, but he got used to it.
起初，凱文很怕說英語，但後來他習慣了。
情態動詞表推測：must be／might be／can't be
主詞＋must be＋名詞／形容詞／地方 主詞＋might be＋名詞／形容詞／地方 主詞＋can't be＋名詞／形容詞／地方 例句： 1. Kevin must be in the library. He has a big test tomorrow.（Kevin 一定在圖書館。他明天有一場重要考試。） 2. This bag might be Tina's. Her name is on the tag.（這個包包可能是 Tina 的。吊牌上有她的名字。） 3. It can't be my brother's phone. His phone is black, but this one is white.（這不可能是我哥哥的手機。他的手機是黑色的，但這支是白色的。） 4. The MRT must be crowded now because it is after school.（現在捷運一定很擁擠，因為放學了。） 5. That new food stand might be popular. Many people are waiting in line.（那個新的小吃攤可能很受歡迎。很多人在排隊。） 6. Mr. Wang can't be angry with us. He is smiling.（王老師不可能在生我們的氣。他正在微笑。）
當我們根據看到的線索來猜測現在的情況時，可以用 must be、might be 和 can't be。must be 表示「一定是」，說話者認為可能性很高；might be 表示「可能是」，但不太確定；can't be 表示「不可能是」，因為有明確線索與這個猜測不符合。這三種句型後面常接名詞、形容詞或地方，用來推測某人、某物或某個情況。
中文常直接說「他一定在圖書館」，但英文要說 He must be in the library，不能漏掉 be 或介系詞 in。不要把 must be 用成未來的「將會」；在這個句型中，它是根據現在證據做推測，例如 She must be tired。表達「不可能」時，要用 can't be，不要說 mustn't be；mustn't 表示「不可以、禁止」，意思不同。名詞前也要注意冠詞或所有格，例如 This might be Tina's bag，不要只說 This might be Tina bag。
He must be in the library. He has a big test tomorrow.
他一定在圖書館。他明天有一場重要的考試。
This bag might be Tina's. Her name is on the small card.
這個包包可能是蒂娜的。她的名字寫在小卡片上。
It can't be my brother's phone. His phone is black, but this one is white.
這不可能是我哥哥的手機。他的手機是黑色的，但這支是白色的。
as ... as 與 not as ... as：同等比較
肯定句：A＋be／一般動詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞原級＋as＋B。 否定句：A＋be／do／does／did＋not＋as＋形容詞／副詞原級＋as＋B。 例句： 1. My new backpack is as heavy as my old one.（我的新背包和舊背包一樣重。） 2. Kevin can run as fast as the captain of the school team.（Kevin 跑得和校隊隊長一樣快。） 3. This math test is not as difficult as the last one.（這次數學段考沒有上次那麼難。） 4. The MRT is not as crowded as usual this morning.（今天早上的捷運沒有平常那麼擁擠。） 5. My sister doesn’t study as late as I do before exams.（我姊姊考試前沒有像我一樣讀到那麼晚。） 6. The food at this night market is as delicious as the food near my home.（這個夜市的食物和我家附近的食物一樣好吃。）
當兩個人、事物或動作在某個特質或程度上相同時，用「as＋形容詞／副詞原級＋as」表示「和……一樣……」。比較形容詞時，前面常接 be 動詞；比較動作方式時，則把副詞放在兩個 as 中間。想表示一方的程度比較低時，用「not as＋形容詞／副詞原級＋as」，意思是「沒有……那麼……」。這個句型是在比較相同或不同程度，不是在表示「更……」，所以中間要用原級。
中文常直接說「A 比不上 B」，但英文不可說 A is not as B；as 後面必須接形容詞或副詞，例如 A is not as tall as B。不要把比較級放進這個句型，錯誤是 as taller as，正確是 as tall as；若要用 taller，應改成 A is taller than B。一般動詞的否定句需要助動詞，例如 My brother doesn’t work as hard as I do，不可說 My brother not works as hard as I do。比較對象若是代名詞，口語可說 as me，但在較完整或正式的句子中，常用 as I am 或 as I do，依前面的動詞而定。
My new backpack is as heavy as my old one.
我的新背包和舊背包一樣重。
The boy can run as fast as the captain of the school team.
那個男孩跑得和校隊隊長一樣快。
This math test is not as difficult as the last one.
這次數學段考沒有上次那麼難。
The MRT is not as crowded as usual this morning.
今天早上的捷運沒有平常那麼擁擠。
My sister doesn’t study as late as I do before exams.
我姊姊考試前沒有像我一樣讀到那麼晚。
so／such ... that：如此……以致於
so + 形容詞／副詞 + that + 子句 such + （a／an）+ （形容詞）+ 可數名詞單數 + that + 子句 such + （形容詞）+ 可數名詞複數／不可數名詞 + that + 子句 例句： 1. The MRT was so crowded that we had to wait for the next train. 2. Kevin studied so hard that he got a high score on the midterm exam. 3. It was such a rainy day that our class stayed indoors. 4. My sister made such delicious cookies that everyone asked for the recipe. 5. We had such heavy rain that the night market closed early.
「so／such ... that」用來表示程度很高，並說明這個程度造成的結果，中文常譯為「如此……以致於……」。形容詞或副詞前面用 so，例如 so tired、so quickly；名詞片語前面則用 such，例如 such a busy day。說話者想強調原因和結果的關係時，很適合使用這個句型。that 後面要接完整子句，也就是要有主詞和動詞。
中文母語者常把名詞前的 so 和 such 混用；要說「如此有趣的一部影片」時，應說 such an interesting movie，不說 so interesting movie。可數單數名詞前通常需要 a 或 an，例如 such a difficult test；但複數名詞或不可數名詞不用冠詞，例如 such crowded streets、such bad weather。不要因為中文的「太……了」就一律用 too；too 常帶有「過度而不好」的意思，so ... that 才是用來接結果。也要注意 that 後不可只接動詞或片語，應說 The test was so difficult that many students failed it。
The MRT was so crowded that we had to wait for the next train.
捷運太擁擠了，以致於我們得等下一班車。
The student studied very hard and got a high score on the test.
這位學生非常努力讀書，並在考試中得到高分。
It was such a rainy day that our class stayed inside.
那天雨下得很大，所以我們班待在裡面。
My sister made such delicious cookies that everyone asked how to make them.
我妹妹做的餅乾非常好吃，大家都問她怎麼做。
We had such heavy rain that the night market closed early.
雨下得如此大，以致於夜市提早關門。
too ... to 與 enough to：程度造成的結果
１．too ＋ 形容詞／副詞 ＋ to ＋ 原形動詞：表示「太……而不能……」，通常帶有負面的結果。 例句：The soup is too hot to drink.（這碗湯太燙，不能喝。） 例句：Kevin ran too slowly to catch the bus.（Kevin 跑得太慢，趕不上公車。） ２．形容詞／副詞 ＋ enough to ＋ 原形動詞：表示「夠……而能……」，說明程度足以達成某個結果。 例句：Mia is tall enough to reach the top shelf.（Mia 夠高，拿得到最上層的架子。） 例句：Please speak loudly enough to let everyone hear you.（請說得夠大聲，讓每個人都聽得到你說話。） ３．enough ＋ 名詞 ＋ to ＋ 原形動詞：表示「有足夠的……可以……」。 例句：We have enough time to buy dinner at the night market.（我們有足夠的時間可以去夜市買晚餐。）
當某個程度過高，以致無法做某事時，用「too＋形容詞／副詞＋to＋原形動詞」。當程度已足夠，可以完成某事時，用「形容詞／副詞＋enough＋to＋原形動詞」。enough 放在形容詞或副詞後面，但放在名詞前面，例如 old enough、carefully enough、enough money。這兩個句型後面的 to 都要接原形動詞，不要接動名詞。
中文常說「太累所以我不能讀書」，不可直譯成 I am too tired, so to study；應說 I am too tired to study。不要把 enough 的位置放錯：不可說 enough tall to reach，而要說 tall enough to reach。名詞的情況則相反，要說 enough chairs to sit on，不說 chairs enough to sit on。也要留意 too ... to 本身已含有「不能」的結果，不要說 too expensive to not buy；若要表達「不太貴，買得起」，可說 cheap enough to buy。
The MRT is too crowded to get on right now.
捷運現在太擠了，沒辦法上車。
I was careful enough to avoid making the same mistake in the math test.
我夠仔細，所以沒有在數學考試中犯同樣的錯。
My brother is too young to ride a scooter.
我弟弟年紀太小，不能騎機車。
Do we have enough chairs for all the parents?
我們有足夠的椅子給所有家長坐嗎？
附加問句（Tag Questions）
肯定句，＋ 否定附加問句？ You are coming, aren't you? 否定句，＋ 肯定附加問句？ You aren't coming, are you? 例句： 1. You finished your homework, didn't you? 2. The MRT is crowded today, isn't it? 3. Your sister can't ride a bike, can she? 4. We have a math test tomorrow, don't we? 5. They went to the night market last night, didn't they? 6. Let's take the bus to school, shall we? 7. Open the window, will you?
附加問句放在句尾，用來確認自己認為可能正確的資訊，或是期待對方同意。前面的主要子句是肯定句時，附加問句通常用否定形式；前句是否定句時，附加問句則用肯定形式。附加問句要依照前句的時態和助動詞來變化，例如過去式常用 did，現在進行式用 be 動詞。說話者若很有把握，句尾語調通常下降；若真的不確定、想詢問答案，語調常上揚。
中文常直接說「你會來，對不對？」而忽略英文的肯定、否定要相反；不能說 You are coming, are you?，應說 You are coming, aren't you?。前句沒有 be 動詞或助動詞時，要依時態補 do、does 或 did，例如 She likes English, doesn't she?，不可說 She likes English, isn't she?。代名詞也要和主詞一致：My parents are busy, aren't they?，不能因為 parents 前面有 my 就用 aren't you。注意 have 的用法：表示「有」時，日常美式英文常說 You have a dog, don't you?，不要一律套用 haven't you。
You are coming to the class meeting, aren't you?
你會來班會，對吧？
He doesn't live near the MRT station, does he?
他不住在捷運站附近，對吧？
Your parents bought some fruit at the market, didn't they?
你的父母在市場買了一些水果，對吧？
We should study for the test tonight, shouldn't we?
我們今晚應該為考試讀書，對吧？
使役動詞：make／let／have＋人＋原形動詞
make＋人＋原形動詞：使／強迫某人做某事。例：The teacher made us stay after class.（老師要我們課後留下來。） let＋人＋原形動詞：讓／允許某人做某事。例：My parents let me take the MRT to school alone.（我父母讓我自己搭捷運上學。） have＋人＋原形動詞：請、安排或叫某人做某事，語氣通常比 make 更中性。例：Our coach had us practice before the basketball game.（教練要我們在籃球賽前練習。） 更多例句： 1. The loud music made my baby brother cry.（大聲的音樂讓我弟弟哭了。） 2. My mom lets me help at her night-market stand on weekends.（我媽媽讓我週末到她的夜市攤位幫忙。） 3. The teacher had Kevin clean the whiteboard after class.（老師叫 Kevin 下課後擦白板。） 4. Our group leader made everyone finish the report before the deadline.（我們的小組長要求大家在截止日前完成報告。）
當你要表達「讓、使、叫某人做某事」時，可以用 make、let 或 have 加上「人＋原形動詞」。make 常用在說話者帶有強迫、要求，或某件事造成結果的情況；let 表示允許對方做某事。have 表示請人、安排人或指派人做事，語氣通常較中性，常見於老師、家長或主管交辦事情。這三個動詞後面的動詞都用原形，不加 to，也不隨主詞改成第三人稱單數或過去式。
中文常直接說「老師讓我 to stay」，但 make／let／have 後面要接「人＋原形動詞」，不能說 make me to stay。不要把 let 誤當成強迫；「我爸媽讓我晚點回家」應用 let me come home late，而不是 make me come home late。have someone do 表示「叫／請某人做」，不是「自己已經做完」；I had my brother wash the dishes 是「我叫弟弟洗碗」。另外，make 的被動語態要加 to，例如 I was made to stay after class；但 let 和 have 的這種主動使役句型後面仍不加 to。
The teacher made us stay after class.
老師要我們課後留下來。
My parents let me take the MRT to school alone.
我父母讓我自己搭捷運上學。
Our coach had us practice before the basketball game.
教練要我們在籃球賽前練習。
The loud music made my baby brother cry.
大聲的音樂讓我弟弟哭了。
My mom lets me help at her night-market stand on weekends.
我媽媽讓我週末到她的夜市攤位幫忙。
感官動詞：see someone do／doing
see／watch／hear／notice＋受詞＋原形動詞：I saw Kevin cross the street.（我看到 Kevin 過馬路的整個動作。） see／watch／hear／notice＋受詞＋V-ing：I saw Kevin crossing the street.（我看到 Kevin 正在過馬路。） 例句： 1. We watched the students perform on the school stage.（我們看了學生在學校舞台上的整場表演。） 2. I saw my sister doing her homework in the living room.（我看見我妹妹正在客廳寫作業。） 3. Did you hear someone knock on the door?（你有聽到有人敲門嗎？） 4. I noticed a boy running to catch the MRT.（我注意到一個男孩正跑去趕捷運。） 5. My dad saw me buy snacks at the night market.（我爸爸看到我在夜市買點心。）
當你親眼看到、聽到或注意到某人做某事時，可以用 see、watch、hear、notice 等感官動詞加上「受詞＋動詞」。用原形動詞時，通常表示你看到或聽到整個動作，或把事件當成完整的一件事來描述。用 V-ing 時，強調你看到或聽到動作正在進行，但不一定看到開始或結束。這個句型常用來描述在校園、家中或路上碰巧觀察到的事情。
中文常直接說「我看到他正在跑步」，但英文不能說 I saw him was running；要說 I saw him running。若要表達看到完整動作，不要誤用 to 不定詞，例如 I saw him to leave 是錯的，應改為 I saw him leave。受詞要放在動詞後面、原形動詞或 V-ing 前面，不能說 I saw leave him。也要注意 see 的過去式是 saw；昨天看到同學離開，應說 I saw my classmate leave, 不是 I see my classmate leave yesterday。
We watched the students sing and act on the school platform.
我們看著學生在學校的臺上唱歌和表演。
I saw my sister doing her homework in the living room.
我看見我妹妹正在客廳寫作業。
Did you hear someone knock on the door?
你有聽到有人敲門嗎？
I noticed a boy running to catch the MRT.
我注意到一個男孩正跑去趕捷運。
未來進行式與未來完成式
未來進行式：主詞＋will be＋V-ing 未來完成式：主詞＋will have＋過去分詞（p.p.） 例句： 1. This time tomorrow, I will be taking the MRT to school.（明天這個時候，我將正在搭捷運去學校。） 2. Don’t call Kevin at 8 p.m.; he will be studying for the midterm then.（晚上八點別打給 Kevin；他那時將正在準備段考。） 3. By next Friday, we will have finished our science project.（到下週五以前，我們將已經完成自然科專題。） 4. My family will have eaten dinner before the night market gets busy.（夜市變得忙碌以前，我家人將已經吃完晚餐。）
未來進行式用來描述未來某個特定時間正在進行的動作，常搭配 this time tomorrow、at 8 p.m. tomorrow 等時間語。它強調的是「那個時候正在做什麼」，不特別說明動作是否完成。未來完成式則用來表示某件事在未來某個時間點之前會已經完成，常搭配 by＋未來時間，例如 by next week 或 by 2030。比較來說，I will be doing my homework at 7. 表示七點時正在寫；I will have done my homework by 7. 表示七點以前會寫完。
中文常直接說「我明天八點會讀書」，但英文若要強調八點當下正在讀，應說 I will be studying at 8 tomorrow，不要只用 I will study。未來進行式中的 be 不能省略，也不能寫成 will studying；必須是 will be＋V-ing。未來完成式不能把過去分詞誤寫成原形動詞，例如應說 will have finished，不是 will have finish。使用 by 時要注意它表示「在……以前」，所以 by Friday 通常要搭配完成式；若只是說「在星期五」，則用 on Friday。
At this time next Saturday, we will be riding our bikes by the river.
下週六這個時候，我們將正在河邊騎腳踏車。
Will you use your computer after dinner tonight?
你今晚晚餐後會用電腦嗎？
By the end of this semester, I will have read five English books.
到這學期結束以前，我將已經讀完五本英文書。
The teacher will have checked all the tests by Monday.
老師到星期一以前將已經改完所有考卷。
wish ＋ could：表達目前難以實現的願望
主詞 ＋ wish ＋ 主詞 ＋ could ＋ 原形動詞 例句： 1. I wish I could speak English more confidently in class.（我希望我在課堂上能更有自信地說英文。） 2. Kevin wishes he could join the school basketball team.（Kevin 希望他能加入校籃隊。） 3. We wish we could take the MRT to school every day.（我們希望每天都能搭捷運上學。） 4. I wish I could eat more snacks at the night market, but I am too full.（我希望我能在夜市多吃一些點心，但我太飽了。） 5. My parents wish they could spend more time with our family.（我父母希望他們能多花一些時間陪家人。）
當你希望自己或別人「有能力做某事」，但現在做不到或不太可能做到時，可以用 wish ＋ 主詞 ＋ could ＋ 原形動詞。I wish I could 常用來表達對目前情況的遺憾，例如能力不足、時間不夠或受到條件限制。could 後面要接原形動詞，如 go、help、stay。若願望的主詞和前面主詞不同，要在 wish 後面清楚寫出另一個主詞。
中文常直接說「我希望我可以……」，但英文談目前不太可能實現的願望時，不能用 I wish I can；要用 I wish I could。could 後面不可接 to，例如 I wish I could to travel 是錯的，應改為 I wish I could travel。不要把 wish 和 hope 混用：若事情仍有合理機會發生，可用 I hope I can pass the test；若是在感嘆目前做不到，才用 I wish I could pass the test。主詞是 he／she／單數名詞時，wish 要加 -es，例如 She wishes she could drive。
I wish I could speak English more confidently in class.
我希望我在課堂上能更有自信地說英文。
He wishes he could join the school basketball team.
他希望自己能加入學校籃球隊。
We wish we could take the MRT to school every day.
我們希望每天都能搭捷運上學。
I wish I could eat more snacks at the night market, but I am too full.
我希望我能在夜市多吃一些點心，但我太飽了。
My parents wish they could spend more time with our family.
我父母希望他們能多花一些時間陪家人。